CNC operators who master multi-axis machining provide faster, more complex machining with less labor than 3-axis machining. Rather than moving along three linear axes, adding rotary axes and parallel linear axes lets multi-axis machines move in four or more directions. As a result, this skill supports career advancement.
3-Axis Machines
A traditional 3-axis machine has three axes:
- X/left-right
- Y/toward-away
- Z/up-down
Most milling centers have a stationary table and moving cutter that travels along the axes. Some centers have the cutter travel along the Z axis and the table travel along the X and Y axes. This machining style is designed for drilling holes, cutting edges, and other simple actions.
Multi-Axis Machines
Multi-axis machines have other axes in addition to the X, Y, and Z axes:
- 4-axis machines have either an A axis that rotates around the X axis or a B axis that rotates around the Y axis
- 5-axis machines operate on X, Y, Z, A, and B axes
- 6-axis machines operate on X, Y, Z, A, B, and C axes, with C rotating around the Z axis
The machines can progress to using nine axes:
- Linear axes X, Y, and Z
- Rotary axes A, B, and C
- Parallel linear axes U, V, and W
- The machine tool’s axes are simultaneously involved
To illustrate the machines and axes, imagine you were a machine holding a part in your hand:
- If you were a 3-axis machine, you could move the part up, down, left, right, toward you, and away from you
- If you were a 4-axis machine, you could move the part in the above directions and tip it from left to right.
- If you were a 5-axis machine, you could move the part in the above directions and tip the part forward and backward.
Benefits of Multi-Axis Machining
Since the tool cutter can move along many axes, multi-axis machining offers complete machining with shorter tools and one setup. There is no need to regularly remove and set up the part. This process reduces setup errors, improves surface finishes, and saves significant time and money in manufacturing.
Multi-Axis Machining Applications
Industries that use multi-axis machining include:
- Aerospace
- Defense
- Medical
- Energy
- Automotive
For instance, parts that need holes drilled into their sides or around their perimeter often require 4-axis machining. More intricate parts, such as medical pieces with tilted surfaces or aerospace parts with complex geometries and tight tolerances, often require machining with five or more axes.
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